Date of publishing:
25.3.2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21104/CL.2026.1.03
Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International.
Abstract:
This article examines the social afterlife of šehidi (martyrs) in north-western Bosnia-Herzegovina, analysing how their presence endures through cemeteries, commemorations, and everyday rituals. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, it explores how sites such as šehidska mezarja (martyrs' cemeteries) and practices like dženaza (funeral) and recitations of El-Fatiha articulate absence-presence and sustain continuing bonds between the living and the dead. Engaging on deathscapes and continuing bonds, the article shows that šehidi are not imagined as ghosts but act as agents whose memory reshapes landscapes, politics, and identities. It considers the institutionalisation of martyrdom, the “cult of šehid,” and the economic and symbolic privileges afforded to survivors’ families. By juxtaposing local practices with artistic and transnational memorial projects, the article highlights how the dead continue to act upon the living, rendering memory and mourning both intimate and deeply political.
Keywords
Bosnia-Herzegovina; šehidi (martyrs); deathscapes; memory and mourning; absence-presence; martyrdom; commemoration
Article Text
References
Anderson, Benedict. 2007. Zamišljene skupnosti: O izvoru in širjenju nacionalizma. Ljubljana: Studia Humanitatis.
Anstett, Élisabeth. 2023. Never-ending funerals. Annual burials and reburials of victims of mass violence in present day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Death Studies 47, 6: 666–678. doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2022.2131046
Assmann, Aleida. 2008. Transformation between History and Memory. Social Research 75, 1: 49–72. doi.org/10.1353/sor.2008.0038
Baker, Catherine. 2015. The Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. London: Palgrave.
Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: SAGE. doi.org/10.4135/9781446221648
Bose, Sumantra. 2002. Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention. London: Hurst.
Bowen, John R. 2012. A New Anthropology of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139045988
Bringa, Tone. 1995. Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and community in a Central Bosnian Village. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. doi.org/10.1515/9781400851782
Bougarel, Xavier. 2007. Death and the Nationalist: Martyrdom, War Memory and Veteran Identity among Bosnian Muslim. In: Bougarel, Xavier – Helms, Elissa – Duijzings, Ger (eds.): The new Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in a Post-War Society. Burlington: Ashgate: 167–191. doi.org/10.4324/9781315555256
Bougarel, Xavier. 2017. Islam and nationhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Surviving Empires. London, Oxford, Bloomsbury.
Colombo, Pamela – Schindel, Estela. 2014. Introduction: The Multi-layered Memories of Space. In: Schindel, Estela – Colombo, Pamela (eds.): Space and the Memories of Violence: Landscapes of Erasure, Disappearance and Exception. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan: 1–17. doi.org/10.1057/9781137380913
Čaušević, Mirsad. 2017. Smrt u bijeloj kući. Tuzla: Bosanska medijska grupa BMG.
Derrida, Jacques. 1994. Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International. New York and London: Routledge. doi.org/10.4324/9780203821619
Ferrándiz, Francisco. 2014. Subteranean Autopsies: Exhumations of Mass Graves in Contemporary Spain. In: Schindel, Estela – Colombo Pamela (eds.): Space and the Memories of Violence: Landscapes of Erasure, Disappearance and Exception. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan: 61–73. doi.org/10.1057/9781137380913_5
Fong, Candy H. C. – Chow, Amy Y. M. 2018. Continuing Bonds as a Double-edge Sword. In: Klass, Dennis – Steffen, Edit Maria (eds.): Continuing bonds in bereavement: New Directions for Research and Practice. New York: Routledge: 276–286. doi.org/10.4324/9781315202396-27
Hamer, Petra. 2025. The Enduring Agency of Fikret the Smiling Bodybuilder in Suada’s Journey. Anthropological Notebooks 31, 2: 74–99. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17473016
Halbwachs, Maurice. 1980. The Collective Memory. New York: Harper & Row. doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226774497.001.0001
Halilovich, Hariz. 2019. Sveprisutna odsutnost nestalih u genocidu: ratne udovice i obitelji bez očeva u bosanskohercegovačkoj dijaspori. Migracijske i etičke teme 35, 3: 277–295. doi.org/10.11567/met.35.3.2
Halilovich, Hariz. 2013. Places of Pain: Forced Displacement, Popular Memory and Trans-Local Identities in Bosnian War-Torn Communities. New York: Berghahn. doi.org/10.3167/9780857457769
Henig, David. 2012. “Knocking on my neighbour’s door”: On metamorphoses of sociality in rural Bosnia. Critique of Anthropology 32, 1: 3–19. doi.org/10.1177/0308275X11430871
Hrustovo. 2025. Glas žrtava [on-line] [access 2025-10-10]. Available at: www.glaszrtava.org/hrustovo/
Ivnik, Tina. 2025. Comforting Dreamscapes: Exploring the Agency of the Dead through Dreams among Spiritual People in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 96: 139–166. doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2025.96.ivnik
Jansen, Stef. 2015. Yearnings in the Meantime: ‘normal lives’ and the state in a Sarajevo apartment complex. Oxford: Berghahn. doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qcxhw
Jennings, Christian. 2013. Bosnia’s Million Bones: Solving the World’s greatest forensic puzzle. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jugo, Admir – Wastell, Sari. 2015. Disassembling the pieces, reassembling the social: The forensic and political lives of secondary mass graves in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In: Anstett, Élisabeth – Dreyfus, Jean-Marc (eds.): Human Remains and Identification: Mass Violence, Genocide, and the ‘Forensic Turn’. Manchester: Manchester University Press: 142–174. doi.org/10.7765/9781526125019.00013
Karčić, Hikmet. 2022. Torture, Humiliate, Kill: Inside the Bosnian Serb Camp System. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12079875
Klass, Dennis – Steffen, Edith Maria. 2018. Continuing bonds in bereavement: New Directions for Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. doi.org/10.4324/9781315202396
Koff, Clea. 2005. The Bone Woman: A Forensic Anthropologist’s Search for Truth in the Mass Graves of Rwanda, Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo. New York: Random House Publishing Group.
Kovač, Tomislav. 2006. Mučeništvo kao svjedočenje. Nova prisutnost IV, 1: 147–154.
Kur’an. 1993. Kur’an. Zagreb: August Cesarec Zagreb.
Maček, Ivana. 2009. Sarajevo under siege: Anthropology in Wartime. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. doi.org/10.9783/9780812294385
Maddrell, Avril. 2013. Living with the deceased: absence, presence and absence-presence. Cultural Geographies 20, 4: 501–522. doi.org/10.1177/1474474013482806
Maddrell, Avril – Sidaway, James D. 2010. Deathscapes: Spaces for Death, Dying, Mourning and Remembrance. Farnham: Routledge. doi.org/10.4324/9781315575988
Mencej, Mirjam. 2024. The Dead in Vernacular Magic Practices among Bosniaks. Religions 15, 5: 605. doi.org/10.3390/rel15050605
Mencej, Mirjam. 2021. The Dead, the War, and Ethnic Identity: Ghost Narratives in Post-War Srebrenica. Folklore 132, 4: 412–433. doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.2021.1905380
Neuffer, Elizabeth. 2002. Key to My Neighbor’s House: Seeking Justice in Bosnia and Rwanda. New York: Picador.
Paul, Johanna. 2021. White armband day from Global social media campaign to transnational commemoration day memory studies. Memory Studies 16, 2: 1–17. doi.org/10.1177/1750698021995991
Renshaw, Layla. 2016. Exhuming Loss: Memory, Materiality and Mass graves of the Spanish Civil War. London and New York: Routledge. doi.org/10.4324/9781315428697
Riding, James. 2015. Landscape memory, and the shifting regional geographies of Northwest Bosnia-Herzegovina. GeoHumanities 1, 2: 378–397. doi.org/10.1080/2373566X.2015.1093917
Semple, Sarah – Brookes, Stuart. 2020. Necrogeography and necroscapes: Living with the dead. World Archaeology 52, 1: 1–15. doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2020.1779434
Softić, Aiša. 2016. Obećani čas: Običaji bosanskohercegovačkih muslimana vezani za smrt. Sarajevo: Zemaljski muzej.
Tervonen, Taina. 2025. Die Reparatur der Lebenden: Zwei Frauen in Bosnien-Herzegowina auf der Suche nach den Ermordeten des Kriegs. Wien: Paul Zsolnay Verlag.
Toal, Gerard – Dahlman, Carl T. 2011. Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. Oxford University Press. doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730360.001.0001
Tyner, A. James. 2014. Violent Erasures and Erasing Violence: Contesting Cambodia’s Landscapes of Violence. In: Schindel, Estela – Colombo, Pamela (eds.): Space and the Memories of Violence: Landscapes of Erasure, Disappearance and Exception. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan: 21–33. doi.org/10.1057/9781137380913_2
Velikonja, Mitja. 2003. In Hoc Signo Vinces: Religious Symbolism in the Balkan Wars 1991–1995. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society: 17: 25–40. doi.org/10.1023/A:1025332709069
Verdery, Katherine. 1999. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Postsocialist Change. New York: Colombia University Press.
Vučkovac, Zoran. 2021. Against Institutionalised Forgetting: Memory Politics from Below in Postwar Prijedor. In: Milošević, Ana – Trošt, Tamara (eds.): Europeanisation and Memory Politics in the Western Balkans. London: Palgrave Macmillan: 231–262. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54700-4_10
Wagner, Sarah E. 2008. To Know Where He Lies: DNA Technology and the Search for Srebrenica’s Missing. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Williams, Howard. 2004. Death Warmed up: The Agency of Bodies and Bones in Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation Rites. Journal of Material Culture 9, 3: 263–291. doi.org/10.1177/1359183504046894
