Date of publishing:
25.3.2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21104/CL.2019.1.04
Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International.
Abstract:
This study aims to begin to fill the relative gap in research into ecstatic practices in subcultural scenes. To this end, it focuses on two more hardcore groups of football supporters (ultras and hooligans) and two extreme music scenes (black metal and crust punk). Its research methodology relies mainly on participant observation. It considers the ecstatic states of hardcore football supporters and extreme music fans with an emphasis on key contexts, practices and meanings. The study proposes to apply a model of Dionysiac ritual to interpret all these practices and discusses them in relation to the transgression of social norms and commodification in the context of late capitalism.
Keywords
ecstatic practices;football ultras and hooligans;extreme music;black metal;crust punk;violence;violence transformation
Article Text
References
Adolf. 2010. Pohled Opavy. Stalo se před 10 lety (FF č.6): FC CU Bohemians – SFC Opava (1:0) (29. 8. 1999). Hooligans.cz [online]. [2018-12-05] Retrieved from: www.hooligans.cz/index.php/reports/10years/761-stalo-se-pred-10-lety-ff-c-6-fc-cu-bohemians-sfc-opava-10-29-8-1999.
Agamben, Giorgio. 2005. State of Exception. Translated from Italian by Kevin Attell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Altglas, Véronique. 2008. Indian Gurus and the Quest for Self-Perfection Among the Educated Middle-Classes. In: Stolz, Jörg (ed.): Salvation Goods and Religious Markets. Theory and Applications. Bern: Peter Lang: 211–234.
Armstrong, Gary. 1998. Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score. Oxford: Berg.
Bazal. 1991. [fanzine] 3.
Berger, Helen A. (ed.) 2005. Witchcraft and Magic: Contemporary North America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Berserk. 2010. Pohled Bohemky: Stalo se před 10 lety (FF č.6): FC CU Bohemians – SFC Opava (1:0) (29. 8. 1999). Hooligans.cz [online]. [2018-12-05] Retrieved from: www.hooligans.cz/index.php/reports/10years/761-stalo-se-pred-10-lety-ff-c-6-fc-cu-bohemians-sfc-opava-10-29-8-1999.
Boltanski, Luc – Chiapello, Ève. 1999. Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme. Paris: Gallimard.
Chaker, Sarah – Schermann, Jakob – Urbanek, Nikolaus. (eds.). 2018. Analyzing Black Metal. Transdisziplinäre Annäherungen an ein düsteres Phänomen der Musikkultur. Bielefeld: transcript.
Crust As Fuck. 1995a. [fanzine] 1.
Crust As Fuck. 1995b. [fanzine] 2.
Czech and Slovak Archive of Subcultures. 2018. Český a slovenský archiv subkultur. [online] [2018-03-26] Retrieved from: ziny.info.
Doidge, Mark – Lieser, Martin. 2017. The importance of research on the ultras: introduction to the ultras special issue The Ultras: a global football fan phenomenon. Sport in Society 21, 6: 833–840, DOI 10.1080/17430437.2017.1300377.
Eliade, Mircea. 1964. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Translated from French by W. R. Trask. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Giulianotti, Richard – Bonney, Norman – Hepworth, Mike. (eds.). 1994. Football, Violence and Social Identity. London – New York: Routledge.
Guerra, Paula. 2015. Flying away: Electronic dance music, dance culture, psytrance and new sounds in Portugal. In: Simão, Emília – Tenreiro de Magalhães, Sérgio – Malheiro da Silva, Armando (eds.): Exploring Psychedelic Trance and Electronic Dance Music in Modern Culture. London: IGI Global: 307–336.
Hallelujjah. 1995. [fanzine] 1.
Hassgesang. 2004. [fanzine] 1.
Hill, Andrew. 2003. Acid House and Thatcherism: Contesting Spaces in Late 1980s Britain. Space and Polity 7, 3: 219–232.
Hodges, Andrew. 2014. The Hooligan as ‘Internal’ Other? Football Fans, Ultras Culture and Nesting Intra-orientalisms. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 51. 4: 410–427.
Hooligans.cz. 2018. [online]. [2018-12-05] Retrieved from: www.hooligans.cz/.
Introvigne, Massimo. 2017. “I Worship Death, Evil, and All Darkness”: Black Metal and Satanism. La Rosa di Paracelso 2: 11–27.
John, Henry. 2015. UK Rave Culture and the Thatcherite Hegemony, 1988–94. Cultural History 4, 2: 162–186.
Kahn-Harris, Keith. 2003. Death Metal and the Limits of Musical Expression. In. Cloonan, Martin – Garofalo, Reebee (eds.): Policing Pop (Sound Matters). Philadelphia: Temple University Press: 81–99.
Kahn-Harris, Keith. 2007. Extreme metal: Music and culture on the edge. Oxford – New York: Berg.
Kaňas. 2014. Extra dlouhý rozhovor s Vítrholc: Textů máme plnou prdel. Prigl [online] [2018-12-03] Retrieved from: prigl.cz/brnaci/extra-dlouhy-rozhovor-s-vitrholc/.
Kossakowski, Radosław. 2015. Where are the Hooligans? Dimensions of Football Fandom in Poland. International Review for the Sociology of Sport: 1–19, DOI: 10.1177/1012690215612458.
Landau, James. 2004. The flesh of raving: Merleau-Ponty and the ‘experience’ of ecstasy. In: St John, Graham (ed.): Rave Culture and Religion. New York – London: Routledge: 105–122.
Major, Barbara. 2013. Dionizos w glanach. Ekstatyczność muzyki metalowej. Kraków: Księgarnia akademicka.
Malbon, Ben. 1999. Clubbing: Dancing, Ecstasy and Vitality. London: Routledge.
McBride, Ray. 2014. Secular ecstasies. The Psychologist 3, 27: 168–170.
McWilliams, Jesse. 2015. Dark epistemology: An assessment of philosophical trends in the black metal music of Mayhem. Metal Music Studies 1, 1: 25–38.
Milkgenyo. 1997. Rave Party. [video online] [2018-03-26] Retrieved from: www.youtube.com/watch.
Moynihan, Michael – Søderlind, Didrik. 2003. Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground. Port Townsend, WA, USA: Feral House.
MTV. 2009. MTV: Social History of the Mosh Pit 2002 PART 1. [video online]. [2018-12-21] Retrieved from: www.youtube.com/watch.
NikkiDancesOnGraves. 2009. Headbanging to Cannibal Corpse. [video online] [2018-12-03] Retrieved from: www.youtube.com/watch.
Olson, Benjamin H. 2008. I am the Black Wizards: Multiplicity, Mysticism and Identity in Black Metal Music and Culture. M.A. Thesis. Bowling Green (Ohio): Bowling Green State University.
Otto, Walter F. 1965. Dionysus: Myth and Cult. Bloomigton and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Patterson, Dayal. 2013. Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult. Port Townsend, Washington: Feral House.
Papadimitropoulos, Panagiotis. 2009. Psychedelic trance: Ritual, belief and transcendental experience in modern raves. Durham Anthropology Journal 16, 2: 67–74.
Perasović, Benjamin – Mustapić, Marko. 2013. Football supporters in the context of Croatian sociology. Kinesiology 45, 2: 262–275.
Phillipov, Michelle. 2006. ‘None So Vile’? Towards an Ethics of Death Metal. Southern Review: Communication, Politics & Culture 38, 2: 74–85.
Purcell, Natalie. 2003. Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
Razsa, Maple John. 2013. Beyond ‘Riot Porn’: Protest Video and the Production of Unruly Subjects. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology: 1–29, DOI:10.1080/00141844.2013.778309.
Redhead, Steve. 1997. Post-fandom and the Millennial Blues: The Transformation of Soccer Culture. London: Routledge.
Reyes, Ian. 2013. Blacker than Death: Recollecting the “Black Turn” in Metal Aesthetics. Journal of Popular Music Studies 25: 240–257.
Reynolds, Simon. 1997. Generation ecstasy: Into the world of techno and rave culture. New York: Routledge.
Riches, Gabrielle. 2011. Embracing the Chaos. Mosh Pits, Extreme Metal Music and Liminality. Journal for Cultural Research 15, 3: 315–332.
Roby, David Allen. 2013. Apocalyptic Rhetoric and Dystopian Performatives in Crust Punk Culture. M.A. Thesis. College Station: Texas A&M University.
Rusty. 2014. VIDEO DNE: Tak se baví fanoušci San Lorenza. Supporters.cz [online]. [2018-12-05] Retrieved from: www.supporters.cz/clanek/video-dne-tak-se-bavi-fanousci-san-lorenza/5652.html.
Ruth. 2011. Wordcount for Lovecraft’s Favorite Words. The Arkham Archivist [blog] 23 February. [2018-03-26] Retrieved from: arkhamarchivist.com/wordcount-lovecraft-favorite-words/.
Spaaij, Ramón. 2007. Football Hooliganism in the Netherlands: Patterns of Continuity and Change. Soccer and Society 8, 2–3: 316–334.
St John, Graham. (ed.). 2004. Rave Culture and Religion. New York – London: Routledge.
St John, Graham. 2008. Trance Tribes and Dance Vibes: Victor Turner and Electronic Dance Music Culture. In: St John, Graham (ed.): Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance. New York – Oxford: Bergahn: 149–173.
St John, Graham. 2009. Neotrance and the Psychedelic Festival. Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture 1, 1: 35–64.
Stránky slávistů ze Severovýchodních Čech. 2011. Stránky slávistů ze Severovýchodních Čech, Výjezdy 2011. [online] [2018-03-23] Retrieved from: www.skssever.estranky.cz/clanky/vyjezdy/2011.html.
Supporters.cz. 2018. [online]. [2018-12-05] Retrieved from: www.supporters.cz/.
Sullivan, Sian. 2005. On dance and difference: bodies, movement and experience in Khoesān trance-dancing – perceptions of ‘a raver’. In: Haviland, William A. – Gordon, Robert – Vivanco, Luis (eds.): Talking About People: Readings in Cultural Anthropology. Boston: Harcourt: 234–241.
Takahashi, Melanie. 2004. The ‘natural high’: altered states, flashbacks and neural tuning at raves. In: St John, Graham (ed.): Rave Culture and Religion. New York – London: Routledge: 144–164.
Testa, Alberto. 2009. UltraS: An Emerging Social Movement. Review of European Studies 1, 2: 54–63.
Till, Rupert. 2010. Pop cult: religion in popular music. London – New York: Continuum.
Tilly, Charles. 2003. The politics of collective violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tramacchi, Des. 2004. Entheogenic dance ecstasis: cross-cultural contexts. In: St John, Graham (ed.): Rave Culture and Religion. New York – London: Routledge: 123–143.
Turner, Alexandra. 2014. Investigating the terminology used to describe ecstasy. Drugs and Alcohol Today 4, 14: 235–244.
Waksman, Steve. 2009. This ain’t the summer of love: conflict and crossover in heavy metal and punk. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wallin, Jason – Podoshen, Jeffrey – Venkatesh Vivek. 2017. Second wave true Norwegian black metal: an ideologically evil music scene? Arts and the Market 2, 7: 159–173.
Williams, John M. 2013. Fans: Consumers, Hooligans and Activists. In: Steen, Rob – Novick, Jed – Richards Huw (eds.): The Cambridge Companion to Football. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 198–212.