Date of publishing:
11.4.2014
The Český lid provides open access to all of its content under licenseCreative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International.
Abstract:
The paper examines theoretical discourses of ethnicity and has three main objectives: (1) to categorize and compare three academic approaches towards ethnicity, nation and nationalism, (2) to identify the core distinction between ethnic and national identity, and (3) to analyze the differences between approaches through activity and objectivity of ethnicity. The traditional distinction between primordialist and modernist/situationalist approaches is enhanced by adding the ethnicist approach to the interjacent boundary. There are three core lines of distinctions between these approaches. Firstly, it is, more or less, the distinction between primordiality of ethnicity and modernity of nation, not primordiality and modernity itself, which divides the discussed approaches. Secondly, most academic theories, regardless of their background, interpret the ethnicity (nation) as situational rather than objective or subjective phenomenon. Lastly, it is the scale of activity of ethnicity (activity of individuals – components – systems) which differs among the theories.
Keywords
Ethnicism; ethnicity; modernism; nationalism; nation; primordialism
Article Text
References
Anderson, Benedict: 2008 – Představy společenství. Úvahy o původu a šíření nacionalismu. Praha:
Nakladatelství Karolinum.
Armstrong, John A.: 1982 – Nations before Nationalism. Chapel Hill: The University of North
Carolina Press.
Barraclough, Aglaia: 2001 – The Extent and Signifi cance of Cultural Retention among Greeks and
Greek Cypriots in Great Britain. Sheffield: University of Sheffield (dizertační práce, nepub-
likováno).
Barth, Fredrik: 1969 – Introduction. In: Barth, Fredrik (ed.): Ethnic Groups and Boundaries:
The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Bergen, Oslo, London: Universitets Forlaget,
George Allen & Unwin: 9–38.
Bentley, Carter G.: 1987 – Ethnicity and Practice. Comparative Studies in Society and History 29:
24–55.
Bingol, Yilmaz: 2004 – Nationalism and democracy in post-communist Central Asia. Asian
Ethnicity 5: 43–60.
Bossche, Geert van den: 2003 – Is there nationalism after Ernest Gellner? An exploration of me-
thodological choices. Nations and Nationalism 9: 491–509.
Bourdieu, Pierre: 1977 – Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology,
No. 16. Cambridge, London: Cambridge University Press.
Bromley, Yulian V.: 1979 – Towards Typology of Ethnic Processes. The British Journal of
Sociology 30: 341–348.
Connor, Walker: 1992 – The Nation and its Myth. International Journal of Comparative Sociology
33: 46–57.
Connor, Walker: 1994 – Ethnonationalism: the quest for understanding. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton
University Press.
Conversi, Daniele: 2003a – Conceptualizing nationalism: an introduction to Walker Connor’s work.
In: Conversi, Daniele (ed.): Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World. Walker Connor and
the study of nationalism. London, New York: Routledge: 1–23.
Conversi, Daniele: 2003b – Resisting primordialism and other –isms: in lieu of conclusion. In:
Conversi, Daniele (ed.): Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World. Walker Connor and
the study of nationalism. London, New York: Routledge: 269–290.
Eriksen, Thomas H.: 2004 – Place, kinship and the case for non-ethnic nations. Nations and
Nationalism 10: 49–62.
Eriksen, Thomas H.: 2008 – Sociální a–kulturní antropologie. Praha: Portál.
Fishman, Joshua A.: 1999 – Concluding Comments. In: Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.): Handbook of
Language & Ethnic Identity. New York: Oxford University Press: 444–454.
Fishman, Joshua A.: 2003 – The primordialist-constructivist debate today: the language-ethnicity
link in academic and in everyday-life perspective. In: Conversi, Daniele (ed.): Ethnonationalism
in the Contemporary World. Walker Connor and the study of nationalism. London, New York:
Routledge: 83–91.
Geertz, Clifford: 2000 – Interpretace kultur. Praha: SLON.
Gellner, Ernest: 1994 – Encounters with Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Gellner, Ernest: 1996 – Ernest Gellner’s reply: ‘Do nations have navels?’ Nations and Nationalism
2: 366–370.
Gellner, Ernest: 1997 – Nationalism. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press.
Gross,Jo-Ann: 1992 – Approaches to the Problem of Identity Formation. In: Gross, Jo-Ann
(ed.): Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change. Durham, London: Duke
University Press: 1–23.
Hammersley, Martyn: 1995 – What’s Wrong with Ethnography? London: Routledge.
Hampl, Martin: 1994 – Environment, Society and Geographical Organization: The Problem of
Integral Knowledge. GeoJournal 32: 191–198.
Hampl, Martin: 1998 – Realita, společnost a geografi cká organizace: hledání integrálního řádu.
Praha: DemoArt.
Haymes, Thomas: 1997 – What is nationalism really? Understanding the limitations of rigid
theories in dealing with the problems of nationalism and ethnonationalism. Nations and
Nationalism 3: 541–557.
Hoddie, Matthew: 1998 – Ethnic Identity Change in the People’s Republic of China: An
Explanation Using Data from the 1982 and 1990 Census Enumerations. In: Safran, William
(ed.): Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China. London, Portland, Ore.: Frank Cass:
119–141.
Horowitz, Donald L.: 2003 – The Primordialists. In: Conversi, Daniele (ed.): Ethnonationalism in
the Contemporary World. Walker Connor and the study of nationalism. London, New York:
Routledge: 72–82.
Hroch, Miroslav: 1997 – Nevítaná identita: nacionalismus jako odkaz komunismu? Mezinárodní
vztahy 32: 4: 51–56.
Hroch, Miroslav: 2004 – From ethnic group toward the modern nation: the Czech case. Nations
and Nationalism 10: 95–107.
Hutchinson, John: 1994 – Modern Nationalism. London: Fontana Press.
Chow, Kai-wing: 1997 – Imagining Boundaries of Blood: Zhang Binglin and the Invention of the Han
‘Race’ in Modern China. In: Dikötter, Frank (ed.): The Construction of Racial Identities in China
and Japan. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Hong Kong: Allen & Unwin: 34–52.
Kaiser, Robert J.: 2003 – Homeland making and the territorialization of national identity. In:
Conversi, Daniele (ed.): Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World. Walker Connor and
the study of nationalism. London, New York: Routledge: 229–247.
Leibold, James: 2007 – Reconfi guring Chinese Nationalism. How the Qing Frontier and its
Indigenes Became Chinese. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leoussi, Athena S. (ed.): 2001 – Encyclopaedia of Nationalism. New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction
Publishers.
Mackerras, Colin: (ed.): 2003 – Ethnicity in Asia. London, New York: Routledge – Curzon.
Morris, Michael W. – Leung, Kwok – Ames, Daniel – Lickel, Brian: 1999 – Views from inside and
outside – Integrating Emic and Etic Insights about Culture and Justice Judgment. The Academy
of Management Review 24: 781–796.
Norbu, Dawa: 2000 – China’s Policy Towards Minority Nationalities in 1990s. In: Norbu, Dawa –
Warikoo, Kulbhushan (eds.): Ethnicity and politics in Central Asia. Denver, Col.: International
Academic Publishers Ltd.: 142–158.
O´Leary, Brendan: 2003 – Federations and the management of nations: agreements and argu-
ments with Walker Connor and Ernest Gellner. In: Conversi, Daniele (ed.): Ethnonationalism
in the Contemporary World. Walker Connor and the study of nationalism. London, New York:
Routledge: 153–183.
Özkirimli, Umut – Grosby, Steven: 2007 – Nationalism Theory Debate: The Antiquity of Nations?
Nations and Nationalism 13: 523–537.
Safran, William: 2005 – Introduction: The Political Aspects of Language. In: Safran, William
– Laponce, Jean A. (eds.): Language, Ethnic Identity and the State. London, New York:
Routledge: 1–14.
Smith, Adam: 1999 – The Wealth of Nations. Books I–III. London: Penguin.
Smith, Anthony D.:1986 – The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell.
Smith, Anthony D.: 1996 – Memory and modernity: reflections on Ernest Gellner’s theory of nati-
onalism. Nations and Nationalism 2: 371–388.
Smith, Anthony D.: 2003 – Dating the nation. In: Conversi, Daniele (ed.): Ethnonationalism in
the Contemporary World. Walker Connor and the study of nationalism. London, New York:
Routledge: 53–71.
Stalin, Josef V.: 1949 – Marxismus a národnostní a koloniální otázka. Praha: Nakladatelství
Svoboda.
Šatava, Leoš: 2009 – Jazyk a identita etnických menšin. Možnosti zachování a revitalizace. 2.,
doplněné vydání. Praha: SLON.