Datum zveřejnění:

15.12.2022

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.21104/CL.2022.4.04

Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International. Český lid poskytuje otevřený přístup k veškerému svému obsahu v rámci licence
Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International.

Abstrakt:

The paper deals with human cultural stereotypes embedded in mythological consciousness, which have influenced the formation of fear of vaccination against COVID-19. The material was collected in Ukraine in the period from September 2021 to January 2022. By analysing oral narratives and comments from social media users, the authors demonstrate the cultural mechanisms of fear of vaccination, specifically fear of death and fear of metamorphosis, and how they can be overcome. The profusion of memes, anecdotes, and jokes that people read and shared on social media or told each other became a way of overcoming collective fear. Nowadays, not only oral tradition but also social media can constitute a source for studying cultural stereotypes. A folkloristic and culturally anthropological perspective on the fear of vaccination allows us to trace folkloristic phenomena back to our everyday lives and to see folklore as a living, dynamic process that has become part of human culture.

Klíčová slova

Contemporary folklore, cultural stereotypes, covid-19 vaccination, internet folklore, mythologisation of disease, urban legend.

Text článku

Reference

Antsybor, Daria. 2011. Folklor chornobylskyi i folklor epidemichnyi: deiaki paraleli. Literaturoznavchi studii 33: 20–24 [in Ukrainian].
Attema, Arthur E. – L’Haridon, Oliver – Raude, Joselyn – Seror, Valérie. 2021. Beliefs and Risk Perceptions About COVID-19: Evidence from Two Successive French Representative Surveys During Lockdown. 2021. Frontiers in Psychology 12, 619145. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619145
Bakhtin, Mihail. 1990. Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaya kultura srednevekovya i Renessansa. Moskva: Hudozhestvennaya literatura [in Russian].
Barber, Mark. 2007. Legendy miejskie [City legends]. Warshawa: Wydawnictwo RM.
Ben-Amos, Dan. 1971. Toward a Definition of Folklore in Context. Journal of American Folklore 84: 3–15.
Bodner, John – Welch, Wendy – Brodie, Ian – Muldoon, Anna – Leech, Donald – Marshall, Ashley. 2021. COVID-19 Conspiracy Thories: QAnon, 5G, the New World Order, and Other Viral Ideas. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
Bilshist ukraintsiv. 2021. Bilshist ukraintsiv ne planuie vaktsynuvatysia vid koronavirusu – doslidzhennia. [Most Ukrainians do not plan to vaccinate against coronavirus – research]. BBC news Україна [on-line], 13. 09. 2021. [2021-12-21]. Available at: www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-58547484
Britsyna, Oleksandra. 2006. Ukrainska usna tradytsiina proza: pytannia tekstolohii ta vykonavstva. Kyiv: Instytut mystetstvoznavstva, folklorystyky ta etnolohii im. M. T. Rylskoho NAN Ukrainy [in Ukrainian].
Cislak, Aleksandra – Marchlewska, Marta – Wojcik, Adrian Dominik et al. 2021. National narcissism and support for voluntary vaccination policy: The mediating role of vaccination conspiracy beliefs. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24, 5: 701–719. doi.org/10.1177/1368430220959451
Clark, Jenna. 2021. Why People Reject Vaccination – and How to Change Their Minds. FP [on-line], 18. 12. 2021. [2021-12-21]. Available at: foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/18/vaccine-hesitancy-covid-us-solution/
Covid. 2021. Covid: Huge protests across Europe over new restrictions. BBC news [on-line], 21. 11. 2021. [2021-12-15]. Available at: www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59363256
Covid vaccination. 2021. Covid vaccination centres vandalised in France. BBC news [on-line], 19. 07. 2021. [2021-12-15]. Available at: www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57883397
Czubala, Dionizjusz. 2005. Wokół legendy miejskiej [Around the Urban Legend]. Bielsko-Biała: Akademia Techniczno-Humanistyczna.
Donnelly, Niamh. 2022. Coming Home During Coronavirus. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Ireland’s returning young migrants. Český lid 109: 105–121. doi.org/10.21104/CL.2022.1.05
Dorst, John. 1990. Tags and Burners, Cycles and Networks: Folklore in the Telectronic Age. Journal of Folklore Research 27: 179–190.
Fine, Elizabeth Calvert. 1994. The Folklore Text: From Performance to Print. Bloomington – Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Franko, Ivan. 1898. Hutsulski prymivky. Etnohrafichnyi zbirnyk 5: 41–72 [in Ukrainian].
Dance, Daryl Cumber (ed.). 2002. From My People: 400 Years of African American Folklore. New York: Norton & Company.
Hodcy, Kristen – Orenshtein, Mitchell A. 2021. Pochemu vostochnoevropeitsy ne vaktsyniruiutsia? [Why aren’t Eastern Europeans getting vaccinated?]. 18. 11. 2021. IPG [on-line]. [2021-11-20]. Available at: 1url.cz/prazU
Höppner, Stephanie 2021. What is behind the COVID protests across Europe? DW Deutsche Welle [on-line], 09. 12. 2021. [2021-12-15]. Available at: www.dw.com/en/what-is-behind-the-covid-protests-across-europe/a-60074426
Howard, Robert Glenn. 2008. Electronic hybridity: The persistent processes of the vernacular web. Journal of American Folklore 121, 480: 192–218. doi.org/10.1353/jaf.0.0012
Hrinchenko, Helinada. 2006. Usna istoriia: metodychni rekomendatsii z orhanizatsii doslidzhennia. Kharkiv: Kharkivskyi natsionalnyi universytet im. V. N. Karazina [in Ukrainian].
International organizations. 2021. International organizations, vaccine manufacturers take stock of COVID-19 vaccine roll out, share views for 2022. WHO [on-line], 10. 11. 2021. [2021-12-21]. Available at: www.who.int/news/item/10-11-2021-international-organizations-vaccine-manufacturers-take-stock-of-covid-19-vaccine-roll-out-share-views-for-2022
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. 1996. The Electronic Vernacular. In: Marcus, George E. (ed.): Engagements with Media. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 21–66.
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. 1998. Folklore’s Crisis. Journal of American Folklore 111: 281–327.
Kitta, Andrea. 2011. Vaccinations and Public Concern in History: Legend, Rumor, and Risk Perception. London: Routledge. doi.org/10.4324/9780203154076
Konstantinova, Nadiia. 2021. Antyvaktsynatsiia po-ukrainsky: mify, motyvatsiia, dzherela [Anti-vaccination in Ukrainian: myths, motivation, sources]. Radio svoboda [on-line], 03. 11. 2021. [2021-12-21]. Available at: www.radiosvoboda.org/a/antyvaktsynatsiya-mify-motyvatsiya-dzherela/31544592.html
Krawczyk-Wasilewska, Violetta. 2000. AIDS. Studium Antropologiczne [AIDS. Anthropological Study]. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Universytetu Łódźkiego.
Krawczyk-Wasilewska, Violetta. 2003. Po 11. września, czyli folklor polityczny jako wyraz globalnego lęku [After September 11, that is, Political Folklore as an Expression of Global Fear]. Literatura Ludowa 3, 47: 25–34.
Krawczyk-Wasilewska, Violetta. 2020. COVID-19 jako paradygmat choroby globalnej. LUD. Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Ludoznawczego i Komitetu Nauk Etnologicznych PAN 104: 155–184. doi.org/10.12775/lud104.2020.07
Kuzmenko, Oksana. 2018. Dramatychne buttia liudyny v ukrainskomu folklori: kontseptualni formy vyrazhennia (period Pershoi ta Druhoi svitovykh voien). Monohrafiia. Lviv: Instytut narodoznavstva NAN Ukrainy [in Ukrainian].
Labashchuk, Oksana – Reshetukha, Tetiana – Derkach, Halyna. 2020. Child in the natal narratives of modern ukrainian mothers: folkloric symbols and frequent motifs. Folklore. Electronic Journal of Folklore 80: 69–96. doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2020.80.ukraine
Labashchuk, Oksana – Reshetukha, Tetiana – Harasym, Tetiana. 2020. Autobiographical narratives about pregnancy experience: symbols, myths, interpretations. Studia ethnologica Croatica 32, 1: 283–307. doi.org/10.17234/SEC.32.10
Macková, Lucie – Filipec, Ondřej. 2022. COVID-19 and return migration to the Czech Republic. Český lid 109: 123–144. doi.org/10.21104/CL.2022.1.06
Most, Doug. 2021. Myths vs. Facts: Making Sense of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation. The Brink: Boston University [on-line], 13. 08. 2021. [2021-12-15]. Available at: www.bu.edu/articles/2021/myths-vs-facts-covid-19-vaccine/
Narvselius, Eleonora. 2009. The Nation’s Brightest and Noblest: Narrative Identity and Empowering. Accounts of the Ukrainian Intelligentsia in Post-1991 L’viv. Linköping: Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University.
Nowina-Sroczyńska, Ewa. 1997. Przezroczyste ramiona ojca: Studium etnologiczne o magicznych dzieciah [Transparent Father’s Arms: Ethnological Study on Magical Children]. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Universytetu Łódźkiego.
Oberiri, Destiny Apuke – Bahiyah, Omar. 2021. Fake news and COVID-19: modelling the predictors of fake news sharing among social media users. Telematics and Informatics 56: 101475. doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101475
Ong, Walter J. 1977. Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Orshuliak-Dudkovska, Katarzyna. 2010. Smaky moho domu. Pamiat – mif – naratsiia Studia methodologica 30: 49–54 [in Ukrainian].
Scruton, David L. (ed.). 1986. Sociophobics: The Antropology of Fear. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Sedakova, Irina. 2007. Balkanskie motivy v iazyke i kul’ture bolgar. Rodinnyi tekst. Moscow: Indrik [in Russian].
Shahsavari, Shadi – Holur, Pavan – Wang, Tianyi – Tangherlini, Timothy R. –Roychowdhury, Vwani. 2020. Conspiracy in the time of corona: automatic detection of emerging COVID-19 conspiracy theories in social media and the news. Journal of Computational Social Science 3: 279–317. doi.org/10.1007/s42001-020-00086-5
Shcherbakivskyi, D. 1991. Storinka z ukrainskoi demonolohii (viruvannia pro kholeru). In: Ukraintsi: narodni viruvannia, poviria, demonolohiia. Kyiv: Lybid’: 540–533.
Slovnyk. 2022. Slovnyk suchasnoi ukrainskoi movy ta slenhu obrav slovo 2021 roku. Ukrainska literaraturna gazeta [on-line], 09. 01. 2022. [2022-01-09]. Available at: litgazeta.com.ua/news/slovnyk-suchasnoi-ukrainskoi-movy-ta-slenhu-obrav-slovo-2021-roku/ [in Ukrainian].
Toporov, Vladimir. 1988. O rituale. Vvedeniye v problematiku. In: Arkhaicheskiy ritual v folklornykh i ranneliteraturnykh pamyatnikakh. Moskva: Nauka: 7–60 [in Russian].
Tyshchenko, Roman. 2021. Nebazhannia vaktsynuvatysia – tse bunt proty derzhavy v obrazi batka. Rozmova z psykholohom. Ukrainskij katolitskij universitet [on-line], 21. 10. 2021. [2021-10-23]. Available at: ucu.edu.ua/news/nebazhannya-vaktsynuvatysya-tse-bunt-proty-derzhavy-v-obrazi-batka-rozmova-z-psyhologom [in Ukrainian].
Ukraintsiv. 2021. 49% ukraintsiv vvazhaiut vaktsynu nebezpechnishoiu za COVID-19, – opytuvannia. Bykvu [on-line], 17. 11. 2021. [2021-11-20]. Available at: bykvu.com/ua/bukvy/49-ukraintsiv-vvazhaiut-vaktsynu-nebezpechnishoiu-za-covid-19-doslidzhennia/ [in Ukrainian].
Vaccination data. 2021. WHO [on-line]. [2021-11-28]. Available at: covid19.who.int/info