Datum zveřejnění:

1.6.2016

Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International. Český lid poskytuje otevřený přístup k veškerému svému obsahu v rámci licence
Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International.

Abstrakt:

In the theoretical section of the study, I present selected themes of the ontological turn, its merits, but also its difficulties that I try to overcome by means of present-day phenomenological anthropology. The key question – in which are the examined otherness and its apprehending grounded? – I attempt to answer through the concepts of the everyday experience and the lifeworld. In the empirical section of the study, I illustrate the theory with the ethnography of Maya perception of crosses, mountains and caves, which are considered to be living and acting beings. Then, I situate Maya cosmology into lived experience of both natural and social world, into an ongoing human engagement with the land and with the beings that dwell therein. Special attention is devoted to the phenomenal and existential aspects of the mountains and their importance, which is based not only on their representations, but also on the mountains as such.

Klíčová slova

Guatemala, the Maya, religion, anthropology of nature, ontological turn, phenomenological anthropology

Text článku

Reference

Astor-Aguilera, Miguel A.: 2010 – The Maya world of communicating objects. Quadripartite
crosses, trees, and stones. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Brady, James E.: 1997 – Settlement configuration and cosmology. The role of caves at Dos Pilas.
American Anthropologist 99: 602–618.
Brady, James E. – Garza, Sergio: 2009 – A reassessment of ethnographic data on cave utilization
in Santa Eulalia. In: Brady, James E. (ed.): Exploring highland Maya ritual cave use. Archae-
ology & ethnography in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Austin: Association for Mexican Cave
Studies: 73–79.
Brady, James E. – Veni, George: 1992 – Man-made and pseudo-karst caves. The implications of
subsurface features within Maya centers. Geoarchaeology 7: 149–167.
Brady, James E. – Prufer, Keith M.: 2005 – Maya cave archaeology. A new look at religion and
cosmology. In: Prufer, Keith M. – Brady, James E. (eds.): Stone houses and earth lords. Maya
religion in the cave context. Boulder: University Press of Colorado: 365–379.
Brož, Luděk: 2007 – Pastoral perspectivism. A view from Altai. Inner Asia 9: 291–310.
Csordas, Thomas (ed.): 1994 – Embodiment and experience. The existential ground of culture and
self. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Descola, Philippe: 2013 [2005] – Beyond nature and culture. Chicago – London: The University
of Chicago Press.
Descola, Philippe – Pálsson, Gísli (eds.): 1996 – Nature and society. Anthropological perspectives.
London – New York: Routledge.
Desjarlais, Robert – Throop, C. Jason: 2011 – Phenomenological approaches in anthropology.
Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 87–102.
Deuss, Krystyna: 2007 – Shamans, witches, and Maya priests. Native religion and ritual in High-
land Guatemala. London: Guatemalan Maya Centre.
Fischer, Edward F.: 2001 – Cultural logics and global economics. Maya identity in thought and
practice. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Garza, Sergio: 2009 – The social and cosmological significance of Quen Santo in contemporary
Maya society. In: Brady, James E. (ed.): Exploring highland Maya ritual cave use. Archaeolo-
gy & ethnography in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Austin: Association for Mexican Cave
Studies: 49–54.
Henare [Salmond], Amiria – Holbraad, Martin – Wastell, Sari (eds.): 2007 – Thinking through
things. Theorising artefacts ethnographically. London: Routledge.
Hermesse, Julie: 2011 – Hibridación de la cosmovisión maya contemporánea. Estudio etnográfico
de San Martín Sacatepéquez, Guatemala. Mesoamérica 53: 133–156.
Heywood, Paolo – Laidlaw, James: 2013 – One more turn and you’re there. Anthropology of this
century 7. Staženo z: aotcpress.com/articles/turn [24. 7. 2015].
Holbraad, Martin: 2010 – Ontology is just another word for culture. Against the motion (2). Cri-
tique of Anthropology 30: 179–185.
Christenson, Allen J.: 2001 – Art and society in a highland Maya community. The altarpiece of
Santiago Atitlán. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Ingold, Tim: 2000 – The perception of the environment. Essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill.
London: Routledge.
Ingold, Tim: 2006 – Rethinking the animate, re-animating thought. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropo-
logy 71: 9–20.
Jackson, Michael (ed.): 1996 – Things as they are. New directions in phenomenological anthropo-
logy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Jackson, Michael: 2005 – Existential anthropology. Events, exigencies and effects. New York:
Berghahn Books.
Kapusta, Jan: 2011a – Odkaz Victora Turnera v současné antropologii poutnictví. Zkušenost pouti
do Santiaga de Compostela. Český lid 98: 135–153.
Jan Kapusta: Mayské kříže, hory a jeskyně ve světle ontologického relativismu a fenomenologické antropologie
Kapusta, Jan: 2011b – Mayský šamanismus v teorii a v praxi. Pojem šaman mezi bytím a nebytím.
AntropoWebzin 3/2011: 149–154.
Kapusta, Jan: 2015 – Účinnost oběti. Duchové přírody a duše lidí v mayské kultuře. Disertační
práce. Praha: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze.
Kostićová, Zuzana M.: 2009 – Arte y ritual en Chichén Itzá. Los dioses y los hombres. Disertační
práce. Praha: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze.
Kováč, Milan: 2000 – Antóniov lacandónsky panteón a starí Mayovia. Porovnávacia štúdia. Reli-
gio 8: 125–150.
La Farge, Oliver – Byers, Douglas: 1931 – The year bearer’s people. New Orleans: The Tulane
University of Louisiana.
Laidlaw, James: 2012 – Ontologically challenged. Anthropology of this Century 4. Staženo z: http://
aotcpress.com/articles/ontologically-challenged [24. 7. 2015].
Lévi-Strauss, Claude: 1999 [1952] – Rasa a dějiny. Praha: Atlantis.
MacKenzie, C. James: 2009 – Judas off the noose. Sacerdotes Mayas, costumbristas, and the poli-
tics of purity in the tradition of San Simón in Guatemala. Journal of Latin American and
Caribbean Anthropology 14: 355–381.
Metz, Brent E.: 2006 – Ch’orti’-Maya survival in eastern Guatemala. Indigeneity in transition.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Paleček, Martin – Risjord, Mark: 2013 – Relativism and the ontological turn within anthropology.
Philosophy of the Social Sciences 43: 3–23.
Pauknerová, Karolína – Stella, Marco – Gibas, Petr (eds.): 2014 – Non-humans in social science.
Ontologies, theories and case studies. Červený Kostelec: Pavel Mervart.
Pedersen, Morten A.: 2012 – Common sense. A review of certain reviews of the ‘ontological turn’.
Anthropology of this century 5. Staženo z: aotcpress.com/articles/common_nonsense
[24. 7. 2015].
Piedrasanta Herrera, Ruth: 2009 – Los Chuj: Unidad y rupturas en su espacio. Guatemala:
ARMAR Editores.
Pina-Cabral, João de: 2014 – World. An anthropological examination (part 1). Hau: Journal of
Ethnographic Theory 4: 49–73.
Pitarch Ramón, Pedro: 2012 – The two Maya bodies. An elementary model of Tzeltal personhood.
Ethnos 77: 93–114.
Prufer, Keith M. – Brady, James E. (eds.): 2005 – Stone houses and earth lords. Maya religion in
the cave context. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
Ramos, Alcida R. 2012. The politics of perspectivism. Annual Review of Anthropology 41:
481–494.
Reina, Ruben: 1966 – The law of the saints. A Pokomam pueblo and its community culture. India-
napolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Salmond, Amiria J. M.: 2014 – Transforming translations (part 2). Addressing ontological alterity.
Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 4: 155–187.
Scott, Michael W.: 2013 – What I’m reading. The anthropology of ontology (religious science?).
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 19: 859–872.
Schütz, Alfred: 1962 [1945] – On multiple realities. In: Natanson, Maurice (ed.): Alfred Schutz.
Collected Papers I. The Problem of Social Reality. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers:
207–259.
Schütz, Alfred – Luckmann, Thomas: 1973/1975 – The structures of the life-world I–II. Evanston:
Northwestern University Press.
Stoller, Paul: 1995 – Embodying colonial memories. Spirit possession, power, and the Hauka in
West Africa. New York: Routledge.
Škrabáková, Ludmila: 2014 – Amerindian perspectivism and the life of plants in Amazonia. In:
Pauknerová, Karolína – Stella, Marco – Gibas, Petr (eds.): Non-humans in social science.
Ontologies, theories and case studies. Červený Kostelec: Pavel Mervart: 165–186.
Šrubař, Ilja: 2005 – The pragmatic theory of the life-world as a basis for intercultural comparisons.
In: Endress, Martin – Psathas, George – Nasu, Hisashi (eds.): Explorations of the life-world.
Continuing dialogues with Alfred Schutz. Dordrecht: Springer: 235–266.
Tedlock, Dennis: 1996 [1985] – Popol Vuh. The Mayan book of the dawn of life. New York: Simon
& Schuster.
Turner, Terence: 2009 – The crisis of late structuralism. Perspectivism and animism. Rethinking
culture, nature, bodiliness, and spirit. Tipití 7: 3–42.
Turner, Victor W. – Brunner, Edward M. (eds.): 1986 – The anthropology of experience. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press.
Větrovcová, Marie: 2015 – Proměňování znaku a symbolu. Počátky re-formace matematiky. In:
Hanke, Miroslav – Kastnerová, Martina – Švantner, Martin – Větrovcová, Marie: Stopování
sémiotiky. Plzeň – Praha: Západočeská univerzita v Plzni – Vyšehrad: 103–168.
Vogt, Evon Z.: 1964 – Ancient Maya and contemporary Tzotzil cosmology. A comment on some
methodological problems. American Antiquity 30: 192–195.
Vogt, Evon Z.: 1969 – Zinacantan. A Maya community in the highlands of Chiapas. Cambridge:
Belknap Press.
Vogt, Evon Z.: 1976 – Tortillas for the gods. A symbolic analysis of Zinacanteco rituals. Cam-
bridge – London: Harvard University Press.
Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo: 1998 – Cosmological deixis and Amerindian perspectivism. The
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4: 469–488.
Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo: 2004 – Exchanging perspectives. The transformation of objects into
subjects in Amerindian ontologies. Common Knowledge 10: 463–484.
Watanabe, John M.: 1992 – Maya saints and souls in a changing world. Austin: University of
Texas Press.
Watanabe, John M. – Fischer, Edward F. (eds.): 2004 – Pluralizing ethnography. Comparison
and representation in Maya cultures, histories, and identities. Santa Fe: School of American
Research Press.
Wilson, Richard: 1995 – Maya resurgence in Guatemala. Q’eqchi’ experiences. Norman: Univer-
sity of Oklahoma Press